Rice Production in India

GS-III | Agriculture


Why in the News?

India has banned the export of non-basmati white rice in a move to control the price rise in the domestic market.

Rice Production in India:

1.      Rice -A staple food

        a.     Serves as a staple food for more than 65% of population in India.

        b.     Rice ecosystems in India are grouped into:

                          i.      Irrigated Rice Eco System

·         Accounting for about 49.5% of the total area under rice crop in the country

·         Irrigation is the main source of water in the dry season and is used to supplement rainfall in the wet season

·         The cropping pattern shall include: rice-rice, rice-rice-rice, and rice-wheat

                       ii.      Rainfed Rice Ecosystem:

·         Practiced in the areas with rainfall <1000mm and scope of irrigation is limited.

·         The productivity is low due to uncertainty in the availability of water.

                     iii.      Rainfed Upland Rice Ecosystem

·         Accounts for 13.5% of the total area under rice crop in the country.

·         Upland rice is mostly directly seeded with minimal inputs resulting in very low productivity.

                      iv.      Rainfed Lowland Rice Ecosystem

·         Accounts for 32.4 % of the total area under rice crop in the country

·         The rice saplings are usually transplanted to bunded fields that retains water.

·         Production is highly variable.

                        v.      Flood Prone Rice Ecosystem

·         Accounts for 11.4 % of total rice grown area is flood prone in India.

·         Flood-prone rice is adapted to conditions of temporary submergence of 1-10 days, or long periods (1-5 months) of standing water

·         During the flooding period the land may be left fallow or used for alternative purposes such as fish and shrimp farming.

         c.     Conditions for Growth of Rice:

                        i.    Rice is grown under varying conditions in India from 8°N to 30°N latitude and from sea level to about 2,500 metre altitude.

                       ii.     It is a tropical plant and requires high heat and high humidity for its successful growth.

                     iii.     The temperature should be fairly high at mean monthly of 24°C.

·         20°-22°C at the time of sowing

·         23-25°C during growth

·         5°-30°C at the harvesting time.

                      iv.      The average annual rainfall required for rice is 150 cm.

                        v.   Rice can be grown on a variety of soils including silts, loams and gravels and can tolerate acidic as well as alkaline soils & Black lava soil.

                      vi.    Requires large supply of cheap labour for its successful cultivation.

d.    Production of Rice:

                          i.      India is the second largest producer and consumer of rice in the world after China.

                       ii.      Accounts for 17.95 percent of the world's total rice production.

                     iii.      Rice is grown in almost all parts of the country except,

·         Higher parts of the Himalayan ranges exceeding 2,500 metres altitude

·         Marusthali part of Rajasthan

·         Kachchh & Saurashtra

·          Malwa and Marathwada regions.

                      iv.      Rice producing areas mainly include the lower and the middle Ganga Plains, the east and the west Coastal Plains, the Brahmaputra valley and parts of the Peninsular plateau.

                        v.      Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh have assumed considerable importance after the introduction of the Green Revolution.

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